Kim SH, Chun S, Jang JY, Chae HD, Kim CH, Kang BM. High plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and phthalate esters in women with endometriosis: a prospective case control study. Reddy BS, Rozati R, Reddy S, Kodampur S, Reddy P, Reddy R. High plasma concentrations of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in women with endometriosis. 2014 29:1558–66.Ĭobellis L, Latini G, Defelice C, Razzi S, Paris I, Ruggieri F, et al. Phthalate exposure and pubertal development in a longitudinal study of US girls. Wolff MS, Teitelbaum SL, Mcgovern K, Windham GC, Pinney SM, Galvez M, et al. Environmental toxins and the impact of other endocrine disrupting chemicals in women’s reproductive health. Exposure to endocrine disruptors during adulthood: consequences for female fertility. Rattan S, Zhou C, Chiang C, Mahalingam S, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and neurocognitive development in children at two years of age. Qian X, Li J, Xu S, Wan Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, et al. Analytical methods for the determination of DEHP plasticizer alternatives present in medical devices: a review. 2019 160:1421–35.īernard L, Décaudin B, Lecoeur M, Richard D, Bourdeaux D, Cueff R, et al. Transgenerational effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on male and female reproduction. Female exposure to phenols and phthalates and time to pregnancy: the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Study. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and uterine fibroids. Katz TA, Yang Q, Treviño LS, Walker CL, Al-Hendy A. High cumulative incidence of uterine leiomyoma in black and white women: ultrasound evidence. Taken together, these results suggest that exposure to phthalate esters may influence uterine fibroid pathogenesis by increasing VEGF and collagen expression and upregulating AKT phosphorylation.īaird DD, Dunson DB, Hill MC, Cousins D, Schectman JM. The volume of the fibroid tissues was significantly increased in NOD/SCID mice fed with DEHP, which was accompanied by increased expression of collagen type I and AKT phosphorylation.
We could see significant increases in VEGF expression and AKT phosphorylation in human myometrial and fibroid cells treated with DEHP. The volume of the fibroid tissues implanted to NOD/SCID mice was measured, and the expression of collagen type I protein, Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and B cell lymphoma 2 were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. VEGF expression was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and AKT/ERK phosphorylation was analyzed by western blot analysis in human myometrial and fibroid cells. To ascertain this, we evaluated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and AKT/ERT phosphorylation and compared the fibroid volume between nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice fed with and without DEHP. We aimed to investigate whether in vitro treatment with di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) affects angiogenesis, proliferation, and apoptosis in uterine fibroids. Evidence is growing that phthalate esters play an important role in the pathogenesis of estrogen-dependent gynecologic diseases, especially uterine fibroids.
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